Citing Sources of Informatio

Citing Sources of Information

Why should I provide citations?
Using other writers’ ideas, statements, text or point of view without giving credit is plagiarism. It is required that writers are credited for their work. It is also helpful for readers if sources are documented in detail.

When should I cite an author's work?
You should cite direct quotations, paraphrase and summarize other writers and, someone else's ideas.

How should I correctly cite an author's works?
Guidelines known as Style Manuals are used for citing sources. They are produced by different organizations such as the APA (American Psychological Association), the MLA (Modern Language Association), and the AMA (American Medical Association) . There are other style manuals available, but the following examples are from the APA, MLA and AMA style manuals. The purpose of these guidelines is to give enough information to cite your source and to be precise in the way you cite it.

Note: Spacing is important. Consult individual guides for exact spacing.

Books • Government Publications • Journals • Electronic Resources • EMail • Web Pages • Poster Session • Podcast • Style Information • University Libraries Resources

Books with a single author (print)

APA	Robinson, D. L. (2002). Clinical decision making: a case study approach. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
MLA	Robinson, D. L. Clinical decision making: a case study approach. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 2002.
AMA	Robinson DL. Clinical decision making: a case study approach. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2002.

Books with two authors (print)

APA	Cohen, D., & Henderson J. (1998) Health, prevention and economics. New York: Plenum Press.
MLA	Cohen, David, and John Henderson. Health, prevention and economics. New York: Plenum Press, 1998.
AMA	Cohen DR, Henderson JB. Health, Prevention and Economics. New York: Plenum Press; 1993.

Books with three or more authors (print)

List all authors if six or less, otherwise list first three authors followed by "et al."

APA	Berg, J., Tymoczko, J., & Stryer, L. (2002). Biochemistry. New York: W.H. Freeman & Co.
MLA	Berg, Jeremy, John T. Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer.Biochemistry. New York: W. H. Freeman and Co., 2002.
AMA	Berg J, Tymoczko J, Stryer L. Biochemistry. New York: W. H. Freeman and Co; 2002.

Books with a corporate author (print)

APA	American Medical Association. (2000). Clinical performance measurement directory / American Medical Association. Chicago: The Association, 2000.
MLA	American Medical Association. Clinical performance measurement directory / American Medical Association. Chicago: The Association, 2000.
AMA	Association AM. Clinical performance measurement directory / American Medical Association. Chicago: The Association, 2000.

Book Chapter

APA	Zuckerberg, A., & Nichols, D. (1999). Airway Management. In M. Rogers & M. Helfaer (Eds.),Handbook of Pediatric Intensive Care (pp. 43-78). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins
MLA	Zuckerberg, Aaron, and David Nichols. “Airway Management.” Handbook of Pediatric Intensive Care. Eds. Mark C. Rogers and Mark A. Helfaer. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1999. 43-78
AMA	Zuckerberg AL, Nichols DG. Airway Management. In: Rogers MC, Hekfaer MA, eds. Handbook of Pediatric Intensive Care. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1999:43-78

Government Publications

APA	U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1992). Pressure ulcers in adults: prediction and prevention (AHCPR Publication No. 92-0047). Rockville, MD.
MLA	United States. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Pressure ulcers in adults: Prediction and prevention. AHCPR. Publication No. 92-0047. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, 1992.
AMA	Pressure ulcers in adults: Prediction and prevention. Rockville, MD: Agency For Health Care Policy and presearch, US Dept. of Health and Human Services; 1992. AHCPR publication 92-0047.

Journal Article with one author (print)

APA	Cohen, M. A.(1999).Psychodynamic psychotherapy in an AIDS nursing home. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 27 (1), 121-133.
MLA	Cohen, Matthew A. “Psychodynamic psychotherapy in an AIDS nursing home.” Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 27.(1999): 121-153.
AMA	Cohen MA. Psychodynamic psychotherapy in an AIDS nursing home. J Am Acad Psychoanal; 1999; 27:121-153.

Journal Article with more than one author (print)

APA	Moran, S., Glazier, G., Armstrong, K. (2003, May). Women smokers’ perceptions of smoking-related health risks. Journal of Women’s Health, 12, 363-371.
MLA	Moran, S., G. Glazier, and K. Armstrong. “Women smokers’ perceptions of smoking –related health risks.” Journal of Women’s Health. 2003: 363-371.
AMA	Moran S, Glazier G, Armstrong K. Women smokers’ perceptions of smoking-related health risks. Journal of Women’s Health. 2003; 12:363-371.

Journal Article (electronic)

APA	Michaels, J. A. (2003). Use of mortality rate after aortic surgery as a performance indicator [Electronic version]. British Journal of Surgery, 90, 827-831.
MLA	Michaels, J. A. “Use of mortality rate after aortic surgery as a performance indicator.” British Journal of Surgery 90. (2003). July 2003 <http://www.bjssoc.com/>
AMA	Michaels JA. Use of mortality rate after aortic surgery as a performance indicator. Br J Surg. [serial online]. 2003; 90:827-831. Available at: http://www.bjssoc.com/. Accessed August 6, 2003.

Citing more than one author please consult the appropriate style manual.

Books (electronic)

APA	Crawford M. (2003). Current diagnosis and treatment in cardiology. New York: McGraw-Hill companies. Retrieved August 7, 2003, from University of Medicine & Dentistry of N.J., UMDNJ University Libraries, UMDNJ Libraries Electronic Textbooks Web site: http://www2.umdnj.edu/rwjlbweb/ebooks-subject.htm
MLA	Crawford, Michael. Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Cardiology. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2003. UMDNJ University Libraries, Newark, NJ. 7 Aug. 2003 http://www2.umdnj.edu/rwjlbweb/ebooks-subject.htm
AMA	Crawford MH. Current diagnosis and treatment in Cardiology. 2^nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies; 2003. Available from STAT!Ref. Accessed August 7, 2003.

Citing more than one author please consult the appropriate style manual.

EMail

APA	University of Iowa. (2003, Week of August 11) Unique breast cancer treatment available to Iowans. Retrieved August 8, 2003 from http://www.uihealthcare.com/news/news/2003/08/11mammosite.html
MLA	Unique breast cancer treatment available to Iowans. Week of August 11, 2003. Iowa: University of Iowa Health Care News. University of Iowa Health Care. Online. Available: http://www.uihealthcare.com/news/news/2003/08/11mammosite.html 8 August 2003.
AMA	University of Iowa Health Care News. UI Health Care News: Week of August 11, 2003. Unique breast cancer treatment available to Iowans. Available at http://www.uihealthcare.com/news/news/2003/08/11mammosite.html. Accessed August 8, 2003.

Web Pages

APA	University of Iowa. (2003, Week of August 11) Unique breast cancer treatment available to Iowans. Retrieved August 8, 2003 from http://www.uihealthcare.com/news/news/2003/08/11mammosite.html
MLA	Unique breast cancer treatment available to Iowans. Week of August 11, 2003. Iowa: University of Iowa Health Care News. University of Iowa Health Care. Online. Available: http://www.uihealthcare.com/news/news/2003/08/11mammosite.html 8 August 2003.
AMA	University of Iowa Health Care News. UI Health Care News: Week of August 11, 2003. Unique breast cancer treatment available to Iowans. Available at http://www.uihealthcare.com/news/news/2003/08/11mammosite.html. Accessed August 8, 2003.

Please note that World Wide Web is an open forum. Unlike books and journal articles that go through an editorial process and peer review, anyone at a computer can make a Web site. Before you use information from a Web site, please take a critical look at it. Click here for Web Site Evaluation Criteria and/or Health On the Net Foundation Code of Conduct for medical and health web sites

Poster Session

APA	Ruby, J., & Fulton, C.(1993, June). Beyond redlining: Editing software that works. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Scholarly Publishing, Washington, DC.
AMA	Greenspan A, Eerdekens M, Mahmoud R. Is there an increased rate of cerebrovascular events among dementia patients? Poster presented at: 24th Congress of the Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum (CINP); June 20-24, 2004; Paris, France.

Podcast

APA	Van Nuys, D. (producer). (2006, October 13). Understanding autism [Show 54]. Shrink Rap Radio. Podcast retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/
MLA	Allington, Adam. "Invasive Reeds Help Treat Wastewater. "The Environment Report" 20 Nov. 2006. Great Lakes Radio Consortium. 27 Nov. 2006 http://www.glrc.org/mp3/2006/11/20/allington_112006.mp3

Selected Style Information on the Web

The University of Minnesota Libraries Quickstudy: Library Research Guide	http://tutorial.lib.umn.edu/infomachine.asp?moduleID=10&lessonID=74 This site contains a programmed, self-study guide to the use of the APA citation style.
Duke Libraries: Guide to Library Research : Citing Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism	http://www.lib.duke.edu/libguide/citing.htm From Duke University's Libraries' "Guide to Library Research;" this site provides a good overview of correct methods for source citing, as well as an overview on plagiarism.
Georgetown University Honor Council	http://www.georgetown.edu/honor/plagiarism.html Georgetown University provides an easy-to-use and understand discussion of plagiarism.
UC DAVIS Student Judicial Affairs on Avoiding Plagiarism	http://sja.ucdavis.edu/avoid.htm The University of California Davis' Student Judicial Affairs group provides good directions on avoiding plagiarism.

Selected books on citing resources available in the UMDNJ University Libraries

Electronic Book	Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors and Publishers, 2nd ed., 2007 (NCBI Bookshelf)
Newark- Ref Z253 A512p 2001 New Brunswick– Ref WZ345 A512p 2001 Stratford–ReserveWZ345 A512p 2001 Camden/Cooper – WZ345 A512p2001	Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 5^th ed. 2001.
Newark-Ref. WZ345 A512 1998 New Brunswick–Ref WZ345 A5121998 Stratford – Ref WZ345 A512 1998 Camden/Cooper- WZ345 A511 1998 Camden/UMD-Coriell-Ref.WZ345 512	American Medical Association manual of style: a guide for authors and editors. 9^thed. 1998
Newark-Ref LB2369 G437m 2003	MLA handbook for writers of research papers, 6th ed. 2003
Newark – Ref WZ345 P314n 1991 New Brunswick–Ref WZ 345 P314n 1991 Stratford – Ref WZ345 P314n 1991 Camden/Cooper- Ref WZ345 14n1991	National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation.1991
Newark–Ref PN171.D37 L693e 1996 Camden/Cooper- Ref W626.5 E432 1996	Electronic Styles: A handbook for citing electronic information. 1996

Email questions or comments to S. Kapadia kapadia@umdnj.edu