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REGIONAL GROSS ANATOMY - 2007

Learning Issues to help focus on the regions

Vertebral canal and spinal cord                                               

Describe the primary and secondary curvatures of the vertebral column.  During examination of a healthy six month-old infant, would you expect both secondary curvatures of the vertebral column to be prominent? 

Intervertebral disc prolapse often occurs at L4/5 or L5/S1 or at C6/7 or C7/T1.  Why does protrusion of the nucleus pulposus usually occur posteriolaterally?  If prolapse occurs at L4/5 or C6/7, which spinal roots would most likely be compressed?

What is kyphosis or lordosis? 
When examining an obese patient, would you expect to detect kyphosis or lordosis? 

Spinal stenosis results in narrowing of the vertebral canal.  Why is stenosis most clinically relevant in the cervical and lumbar regions?

At what level of the vertebral column are spinal taps most often performed in adult patients?  Why?  Would a pediatrician perform a spinal tap at the same level?  What structures are traversed during this procedure to obtain samples of CSF?

How would you test the functional integrity of the spinal accessory nerve?

During hyperextension of the neck “whiplash injury”, which ligament of the vertebral column would be severely stretched or even torn? 

REVIEW of Back and Shoulder

What would a physical exam demonstrate in a patient with dorsal scapular nerve injury?

What is “painful arc syndrome”?

How would you differentially diagnose an injury to the long thoracic nerve and spinal accessory nerve?

How would an injury to the suprascapular nerve affect rotator cuff muscle function? Which synergistic muscles might compensate for this loss of shoulder function?

REVIEW Axilla and arm  

Motor and sensory innervation of the upper limb is provided entirely by the brachial plexus, except the intercostobrachial nerve that serves the medial aspect of the arm (it will be reviewed during dissection of the thorax). 

A patient has a fracture at the spiral groove of the humerus.  Which nerve would likely be affected and how would you test for nerve injury?

Explain why the axillary lymph nodes might enlarge when infections of the upper limb occur.  Note: read pp.36-38 in text for an overview of the lymphatic system.

Upper radicular syndrome refers to pain resulting from injury to superior parts of the brachial plexus, particularly upper roots of the plexus.  What muscle function would be lost after injury to roots C5 and C6?  Describe the characteristic position of the upper limb after such injury. 

Although anastomotic vascular connections around the shoulder are difficult to demonstrate and consequently were not dissected, this collateral circulation is clinically important.  Describe how the anastamosing arteries might compensate for an obstruction of the brachial artery distal to the inferior ulnar collateral artery.

How would you position the forearm of a patient to test only the function of the biceps and brachialis muscles during flexion of the elbow?      

REVIEW  Forearm and hand
                                                          
Because of its subcutaneous location, fracture of the olecranon is common.  Why is pinning usually required for proper healing of the fracture?

The radial artery is commonly used to measure pulse rate.  Describe two locations where palpation of the radial artery enables detection of the radial pulse.

A patient presents with weakness of elbow flexion and sensory loss over the lateral aspect of the anterior surface of the forearm.  Which nerve is likely impaired and what is a common cause of this impairment?

What is pronator entrapment and what is the primary symptomatic complaint?

An elderly patient complains of difficulty in buttoning her blouse.  During examination you note that she has a loss of coordination and strength of her right thumb.  What is a common cause of this patient’s complaint?  Which nerve is likely impaired?  Where would you then test sensory loss to verify the impairment? 

Which muscle groups are involved in golfer’s or tennis elbow?

Numbness and tingling of the medial part of the palm and the medial one and a half digits is symptomatic for compression injury of which nerve?  Identify common sites where this type of injury could occur.  

Describe Dupuytren’s contracture. 

Transient subluxation (incomplete dislocation) of the head of the radius is a condition seen in preschool children.  Describe how this injury could occur and the usual site of structural damage.

Fracture of the distal end of the radius is the most common fracture in adults over 50-years-old.  Describe the consequences of a complete traverse fracture (Colles’ fracture).  

Which nerve could be injured during fracture of the hamate?  Using the hand, how would you quickly test motor function of this nerve?

Which carpal bone is most commonly fractured during a fall with an out-stretched hand? 

Using a patient’s hand, how would you quickly test motor functions of the median nerve and the radial nerve?

The valgus position of the wrist is defined by the hand being drawn to the lateral (radial) side during attempts to flex the wrist.  If the hand is drawn to the medial (ulnar) side during attempted wrist flexion, the varus position of the wrist is defined.  Injury to which nerves would account for the valgus and varus positions?

REVIEW  - Thigh and gluteal region

Name the muscles that attach to the ischial tuberosity, the greater trochanter, the lesser trochanter, and the adductor tubercle.  Why are these bony attachment sites important during adolescence?

Where is the safest site for intragluteal injection? And why?

When an elderly person has a “broken hip”, where is the usual site of injury?

The angle that the long axis of the neck of the femur makes with the body of the femur (angle of inclination) can vary.  Describe changes in the angle of inclination associated with the conditions of coax vara and coax valga.

The great saphenous vein originates from the dorsal venous arch of the foot.  Describe the course of the vein as it ascends the leg and thigh to empty into the femoral vein.

The femur is set obliquely, creating an angle with the tibia at the knee.  Describe the deformities that occur with a medial angulation of the leg in relation to the thigh (genu varum) and a lateral angulation of the leg in relation to the thigh (genu valgum).

Define the spinal segments that are tested during the patellar tendon reflex.

When an athlete has a “groin pull injury”, which muscles are usually injured?

Describe the contents of the femoral triangle; and how are they important in repairing femoral hernia?

What is the origin of the deep femoral arteries? And what are their functions?

What is an incarcerated femoral hernia? What is the position of the femoral hernia in relation to the pubic tubercle? Where would you palpate the femoral hernia?

An abscess on the psoas muscle involves which nerve? And what would be the nature of patient’s complaint?

Describe a positive Trendelenburg sign (see blue box on page 559 of Text).

How would you test the functional integrity of following muscles? Quadriceps, hamstring, adductor longus and gluteus maximus.

Describe the popliteal fossa and its contents.

What are the precautions you would take in repairing an aneurysm of the popliteal artery?

Describe the arterial circulation around the hip (see page 546 of Text).

Describe how avascular necrosis of the femoral head could occur.

What is the fascia lata and Iliotibial tract?

REVIEW - Leg and ankle

Describe compartment syndromes of the leg.  What are shin splints?

Describe actions of the anterior and lateral compartment muscles at the ankle and subtalar joints.

Why is the common peroneal (fibular) nerve most commonly injured nerve in the lower limb?  Describe the loss of function after injury to this nerve.

Describe sites in the lower limb where arteries can be palpated (pulse taken).

Which spinal segments are tested during the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon reflex?

Draw a diagram of the sensory innervation of the leg.

Describe the consequences of deep peroneal nerve entrapment.

Describe functions of the posterior compartment muscles.

Describe the consequences of tibial nerve injury.

Describe the consequences from ruptures of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee.

A 55-year old man complains of leg pain after walking for 15 minutes. The pain goes away after a brief rest. What is the condition called? Why this occurs?

REVIEW - Foot

Describe plantar fascitis.

Walking begins by a “push off” as the foot leaves the ground.  The push-off requires plantar flexion of the foot, which results from the action of which muscles.
Name the ‘key’ push off muscle.

How is pain transmitted from the sole of the foot?

Name the structures that are torn during an “inversion” injury of the foot. What are the symptoms?

A valgus foot is a deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe.  What are the consequences of this deformity?

Why is the pulse of the dorsal pedis artery usually easy to palpate.  

What is saphenous cut down?

Answering the following questions will help you get ready for both the written and lab exams. Answer them as you progress along the course and not wait till the end.

STRUCTURED LAB REVIEW – Back and Upper limb.

CADAVER IN PRONE POSITION

1. I.D. Supraspinatus muscle
a. Where does it insert?  b. Name its nerve supply.
C. Paralysis of this muscle will limit which function? be specific.

2. I.D. Teres minor.
a. Which nerve supplies this muscle? and from which part of the Brachial plexus does this nerve arises?

3. I.D. Conus medularis. (Spinal cord termination)
a. At what level it is present in the: 1. Adult, and 2. Children.

4. I.D. Teres major muscle.
a. Where does it insert? Be specific. b. What is its action at the shoulder joint? C. Name all the other
muscles with similar action at the shoulder. D. Which nerve supplies teres major?

5. I.D. Spinalis & Longissimus muscle.
a. What is its action on the trunk?

6. I.D. Dura mater.
a. At what vertebral level does it end in the adult?
b. What is the next meningeal layer?

7. I.D. Cauda equina.
a. What is it made up of? Be specific
b. Spinal nerves of which regions are represented here?

8. What are the primary & secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?

9. I.D. Infraspinatus.
a. What nerve supplies this muscle? b. Damage to this nerve will affect which action at the shoulder joint? C. Which other muscle performs the same action as Infraspinatus?

10. I.D. Posterior humeral circumflex artery.
In the Quadrangular space it travels with which other structure? Describe the borders of the Quadrangular space.

11. I.D. Trapezius a. What is its nerve supply?

12. I.D. Lat. Dorsi
a. What nerve supplies this muscle? & name its spinal segmental origin.
b. What is its Action at the shoulder & arm? c. Is there any other muscle that could substitute L. Dorsi in case it is paralysed?

13. I.D. Axillary nerve a. Name the two muscles supplied by this nerve.
B. Demarcate the sensory distribution of this nerve on you.

14. I.D. Profunda Brachii artery. a. It originates from which artery? Name the muscle that is supplied by this artery?

15. I.D. Levator scapulae. A. What is its nerve supply? B. On the scapula show its insertion.

16. I.D. suprascapular artery: Describe in detail the arterial anastomosis around the shoulder joint.

17. I.D. Suprascapular nerve.
A. Injury to this nerve will affect which muscle(s), and what action(s)?
B. How will you test this nerve injury?

2. Which muscle acts on the distal phalangeal, interphalangeal and  metacarpophalangeal joints during flexion?

3. Describe the various features of the thoracic vertebra.

4. Scapula:
a. Which muscle inserts on the anterior surface and the entire length of the medial
border?
b. Segmental origin of the Nerve (& name the nerve) that supplies this muscle.

5. I.D. Pec. Major
a. Where does it insert?  b. what is its Action(s) on the shoulder joint.

6. I.D. Brachialis
a. Which nerve supplies this muscle? & name its cervical segmental origin.
b. Where does it insert? be specific.

7. I. D. Extensor Indicis
Which nerve supplies this muscle? Be specific

8. I. D. Pronator teres
Name two of its antagonistic muscles.

9. Bone: Articulated wrist.
A. Show the insertion of Flexor carpi radialis.
B. I.D. scaphoid, lunate  & Hamate.

10. I.D. Axillary nerve.
a. Which spinal segments are represented in this nerve?
b. Injury to this nerve will affect which muscles of the rotator cuff?

11. I.D. the median nerve in the carpal tunnel.
A. If it is compressed it will affect which all muscles?
B. If the nerve is cut in the tunnel, which thumb function will be affected and which will be lost?
C. Will there be sensory loss?

12. I.D. profunda brachi artery.
A. Fracture of the humerus at the spiral groove will injure this artery and which other structure?   

13. I. D. Deltoid- Anterior, Intermediate & posterior parts.
a. What is the action of deltoid as a whole, & each of the three parts.
b. The nerve that supplies this muscle arises from which part of the brachial plexus?

14. I.D. Brachioradialis.
a. What is its action at the elbow joint?
b. What is its nerve supply?
C. Where does it insert?

2. I. D. Pec. Minor. a. Where does it insert? be specific.
b. Which other muscle is attached at the point of pec. Minor insertion?

3. I. D. Axillary artery.
a. Through which branch does it supply a muscle of the lateral thoracic wall? & what is that muscle?

4. I. D. Musculocutaneous nerve.
a. It arises from which part of brachial plexus? Give the segmental origin.
b. Show its cutaneous distribution on yourself.

5. At the distal end name the specific bones with which the radius articulates.

6. I.D. Subscapularis muscle.
a. Where does it insert?
b. What is its action at the shoulder joint?

7. I. D. Coracobrachialis
a. Name the nerve supply to this muscle & its segmental origin.
b. What is its action at the shoulder joint?

8. I.D. Annular ligament. A. Fracture at the head of the radius is likely to             injure which nerve? Be Specific.
B. In such an incident which functions will be affected?

9. I.D. Radial artery in the "Anatomical snuff box".
Which carpal bone is present in the floor of this box?

10. I.D. Long thoracic nerve. a. Injury to this nerve will affect functions which muscle? b. Which function will be affected? C. What will be the clinical manifestation?

11. I.D. Long head of the Triceps. a. Name its origin & action at the elbow joint.
b. This forms which border of the Quadrangular space? Also tell all the four borders of the quadrangular space.

12. I.D. Extensor carpi ulnaris. a. Which supplies this muscle? Be specific. B. What is its action at the wrist joint?

13. I.D. Supinator. A. Which supplies this muscle? Be specific. b. Name two antagonistic muscles to supinator.

2. I.D. Ext. Carpi Radialis Longus.
A. Which nerve supplies this muscle?
B. Name the muscle group involved in tennis elbow.

3. I.D. Flexor digitorum superficialis.
A. Where does it insert?
B. At which joint of the hand does it primarily act? Be specific.

4. I. D. Radial artery in the anatomical snuff box.
A. Which tendons lies lateral in the snuff box?
B. Describe the tendons that form the borders of the snuffbox.
C. Which carpal bone articulates with the thumb?

5. I.D. Flexor pollicis brevis.
Which nerve supplies this muscle? Be specific.

8. I.D. Lumbrical muscles. How, and at which joints do they act?

9. I.D. Deep & Superficial radial nerve. A. The deep radial pierces which muscle? B. In the arm mark the sensory distribution of the superficial radial nerve.

11. I.D. Coracoclavicular, coracoacromion & acromioclavicular lig. Use Model.

12. Name all the muscles of the rotator cuff. A. I.D. their insertion on the humerus, and state for each one of them their action on the shoulder joint. B. Name their nerve supply.

13. I.D. Short head of the Biceps. A. Where does it originate? Be specific.

14. I. D. Ulnar nerve in the forearm.
Injury to this nerve will affect which muscles of the thumb?

15. I. D. Posterior cord. Name & I.D. its terminal branches.

1. I.D. Tendon of Flexor digitorum Profundus at digit #3.
What is the nerve supply to this muscle? BE SPECIFIC

2. Bone. Humerus: I.D. Medial epicondyle. Which nerve lies close to the medial epicondyle?

3. I. D. Flexor Carpi radialis. A. Where does it insert B. What are its action(s) at the wrist joint? C. Name its antagonist muscle.

4. I.D. Adductor pollicis. A. What is its nerve supply?

5. I.D. Long head of Biceps. A. Show & Name its origin on the bone the scapula.
B. What is its action at the elbow joint? C. What is its action at the radioulnar joint?

6. I.D. Ulnar artery. A. In the palm it continues as which arch.

7. BONE: Articulated wrist. A. First metacarpal articulates with which carpal bone? B. I.D. capitate & hamate.

8. I.D. first dorsal interosseus muscle. A. Which nerve supplies this muscle?

9. Bone: Thoracic & Lumbar vertebra. A. Describe its anatomical features, and how it differs from the rest of the region. B. I.D. Pedicle and Lamina.

10. I.D. Pectoralis minor. A. Where does it insert? Be specific. B. Which nerve supplies this muscle?

11. I.D. Radial artery. A. In the palm it continues as which arch.

12. Bone. Humerus: I.D. bicipital groove. a. Which muscle inserts here?

13. I.D. Extensor pollicis longus. A. What is its relation to the "snuff box"?

14. Describe the contents of the Carpal tunnel.

1. I.D. Flexor pollicis longus.
Which artery & which nerve supplies this muscle?

2. I.D. Extensor carpi radialis brevis. A. Describe its action at the wrist.

3. I.D. Brachioradialis. A. Where does it insert? be specific.

4. BONE: Articulated wrist: a. I.D. Lunate & Trapezoid. B. Superiorly, lunate articulates with which bone?                

5. Bone: Humerus. I.D. Deltoid tuberosity. a. Which muscle inserts at this point?
and, B. Which nerve supplies this muscle?

6. I.D. Pronator quadratus. A. Which nerve supplies this muscle? be specific

7. BONE: Cervical vertebra. A. I.D. foramen transversarium. B. What structure passes through this foramen?

8. I.D. Long thoracic nerve. – If present. A. It arises from which part of the brachial plexus?
B. Which spinal segments are present in this?
 
9. I.D. Brachialis: a. In the arm which nerve lies immediately anterior to it?
B. If brachialis is paralyzed name the two other muscles that could substitute its function.

10. I.D. Ulnar nerve. Which whole muscle in the forearm does this nerve supply?

11. I.D. Extensor digitorum. A. Describe its action(s) & Insertion.

12. Bone. Humerus: I.D. lesser tubercle. A. Name the muscle that inserts here.
B. Which nerve supplies this muscle?

13. I.D. Median nerve & Ulnar nerve at the wrist. A. Describe on your palm their cutaneous distribution. B. In carpal tunnel syndrome which one of these two is affected?

14. I.D. Tendons of Flexor digitorum profundus. A. Which muscle arises from these tendons? B. Which nerve supplies this muscle?

2. I.D. Cephalic vein . A. Where does cephalic vein terminate?
 
4. I.D. Subscapular artery. A. From which artery does it originate?  Describe how it forms anastomosis in the scapular region (i.e. collateral circulation). Draw a diagram and name all the participating arteries.

5. I.D. Median nerve in the forearm. a. Which muscle lies immediately anterior to it? B. What muscle lies immediately posterior to it?

6. I.D. Flexor digitorum profundus. A. At which joint does it act? B. In the palm, Which muscle originates from this tendon?

8. BONE: Articulated wrist.
I.D. the insertion of: (A) Flexor digitorum superficialis
(B)Flexor digitorum profundus (c) on which joint they act primarily?

9. I.D. all the three thenar muscles. A. I.D. the nerve that supplies these muscles.

10. I.D. Posterior cord of the brachial plexus.
A. Name all the nerves off this cord, and the muscles that they supply.
B. Injury to this cord will affect which of the rotator cuff muscles?

11. I. D. Anterior and posterior interosseus nerve. A. They are branches of which            nerve?
B. Name the muscles supplied by these two nerves?

12. I.D. Superficial palmar arch. It originates (continuation) from which artery?

15. I.D. 2nd & 4th lumbricals. a. Name the nerve that supplies each of these muscles. be specific. b. What is the action of the lumbricals at the MCP joint?

STRUCTURED LAB REVIEW LOWER LIMB.

1. I.D. Pudendal nerve. A. Which spinal segments are present in this? B. Through which foramen does it leave the pelvis?

2. I.D.  S1 in the pelvis. A. Which of the lumbar plexus joins it?

3. I.D. (if possible) Lateral/fibular (superior) collateral ligament.  A. Which muscle tendon passes deep (medial) to this ligament?

4. I.D. Gluteus medius. A. What is its main action on the hip joint? B. What is its nerve supply?

6. I.D. Lumbosacral trunk. A. What are the spinal segments present in this? B. It contributes to the formation of which plexus?

7. I.D. Iliotibial tract. A. Name the muscle that inserts into this. B. It is the thickened part of which structure? C. What is its inferior attachment?

8. I.D. Sacrotuberous & Sacrospinous ligaments. (use model). A. Name the muscle that arises from the sacrotuberous ligament.

9. I.D. Obturator canal.  A.  Which structure passes through this from the pelvis?

10. I.D. Obturator arteries in the pelvis. A.  It is a branch of which artery? B. Which muscle group does it mostly supply?

1. I.D. Peroneus longus muscle. A. Where does it insert?  B. In which compartments of the leg does it lie? C. What is its action at the subtalar, & transverse tarsal joints? D. Which nerve supplies this muscle?

2. I.D. Popliteal artery. A. Which structure lies lateral to it? B. Name the branch of the popliteal artery to the anterior compartment of the leg?

3. I.D. Tensor fasciae latae. A. Where does it originate? B. Where does it insert?  C. What is its main action?

4. Bone - PELVIS: I.D. Iliac fossa.  A. Which muscle originates here? B. Which nerve supplies this muscle?

5. I.D. Adductor longus. A. What is its nerve supply?

6. FEMUR:  I.D. greater trochanter. A. Name all the muscle that inserts here.  B. Describe their action on the hip.

7. I.D. Piriformis muscle. A. What is its action on the hip? B. Where does it insert?  C. It leaves the pelvis through which foramen?

9. Knee joint: (use model) (1). I.D. Anterior cruciate ligament. A. What is its function?
(2)  I.D. Posterior cruciate ligament. B. What is its function?
(3). How will you test for their injury?

10. I.D. Gluteus medius. A. What is its nerve supply? B. Where does it insert? C. With what other muscle does it act on the hip joint? D. What is its action during walking?

2. I.D. Sciatic nerve. A. Which spinal nerve contributes to it? B. Which muscles of the posterior thigh are directly supplied by the sciatic nerve?

3. I.D. Femoral nerve in the pelvis. A. Which spinal segment contributes to its formation? B. Loss of this nerve will affect which function of the leg? C.  Will there be any sensory loss? If so, define the region of sensory loss.

4. I.D. Popliteal artery. A. Where does it commence? B. It is an immediate continuation of which artery?

5.  BONE: Articulated foot:       
A. I.D. Talocalcaneal joint.  Which foot movements take place at this joint?
B. I.D. Tibiotalar joint. Which foot movements take place at this joint?
C. I.D. Transverse tarsal joint. Which foot movements take place at this joint?

6. I.D. Tibial nerve. A. Name all the muscles and all the actions that will be affected if this nerve is damaged. B. If this nerve is damaged, which movement of the ankle joint will be affected?

7. I.D. Gastrocnemius muscle. A. Where does it insert? B. At which joint does it act?

8. I.D. Superior Fibular collateral ligament. (Use model) A. Describe why it is NOT attached to the lateral meniscus.

9. I.D. Extensor digitorum longus. A. Where does it insert? B. What is its nerve supply?

1. I.D. Lesser trochanter of the femur. A. Which muscle inserts here? B. What is its action on the hip joint?

2. I.D. Obturator nerve in the pelvis. A. Name its segmental origin. B. What group of muscles does it supply? C. Damage to this nerve will affect which function? D. To which joint does it supply sensory fiber?

4. I.D. Common peroneal nerve. (A) Identify two of its terminal branches.  (B) Name and identify its branch to the anterior compartment of the leg.

5. I.D. Soleus muscle. A. On which tarsal bone does it insert? B. What is its nerve supply? C. If the muscle is paralyzed which foot function will be affected?

6. I.D. Lateral and Medial plantar nerves. A. Demarcate their sensory distribution.

8. ARTICULATED FOOT: A. I.D. the Navicular and Cuboid bones. B. Describe the medial arch of the foot. C. What causes the a Flat Foot?

9. I.D. Profunda femoris artery. A. Name its branch that supplies the posterior thigh. B.  Name its branch that mostly supplies the head of the femur.

10. I.D. Gracilis muscle. A. Which nerve supplies this muscle? B. What is its spinal segmental origin?

I.D. Greater sciatic foramen.     From the pelvis, which muscle passes through this foramen?

I.D. Lesser sciatic foramen.       From the pelvis, which muscle passes through this foramen?

2. I.D. Superficial peroneal nerve. A. Name the muscles that are supplied by this nerve. B. If this nerve is injured, describe all the functions that will be affected? and by using which muscle the patient will still be able to maintain some amount of those affected  functions. C. Demarcate its sensory area of distribution.

3. I.D. Long head of the biceps femoris. A. What is its main action on the knee joint. B. Where does it originate?

4. I.D. Tibialis anterior. A. What is its nerve supply? BE SPECIFIC. B. What is its action at the Ankle? i.e. Tibiotalar joint.
C. What is its action at the subtalar & Transverse tarsal joints? i.e. Talocalcaneal joint.

7. I.D. Peroneus brevis. A. Where does it insert? B. At which joint does it act?

8. I.D. Biceps (both Long & Short heads). A. Where does it originate? B. What is its action at the hip joint?

9. I.D. Patellar ligament. A. Where does it insert? Which spinal segments patellar reflex tests?

1. I.D. adductor Magnus muscle. A. What is its nerve(s) supply?

3. I.D. Flexor digitorum longus. A. Where does it insert? BE SPECIFIC.  B. What is its nerve supply?

4. I.D. Saphenous vein in the leg. A. At the ankle where does it lie? B. Which nerve runs along with it in the leg? Know all the structures that are related to the vein around the ankle joint.        

5. I.D. Semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles. A. Where does it originate? B. What is its nerve supply? C. What is its action at the knee joint?

6. ARTICULATED FOOT: I.D. TALUS
           
a. Which bone articulates with it superiorly? b. Which bone articulates with it inferiorly? c. I.D. and name all the other tarsal bones.

7. I.D. Femoral vein. A. Within the femoral sheath which structure lies lateral to it? B. What is its main superficial tributary?

8. Which muscle inserts on the head of the fibula? A. Which nerve lies immediately lateral to the fibular head? B. Describe the symptoms seen in a patient who had injured this nerve.

9. I.D. Tibialis posterior muscle. A. Describe its nerve supply & actions.

1. I.D. Dorsalis pedis artery.   A. Of which artery it is a continuation

2. I.D. Pectenius muscle.  A. What nerve primarily (mostly) supplies this?

3. I.D. Quadratus plantae. A. What is its nerve supply? BE SPECIFIC. B. Where does it insert?

4. Bone - PELVIS: I.D. Ischial tuberosity. A. Which group of muscle arises from here? B. Which  nerve supplies this group? C. As a group what is its function?

5. I.D. Common peroneal nerve. A. Name its branch to the anterior compartment of the leg.

6. I.D. anterior tibial nerve. A. Name all the muscles supplied by it.  B. Damage to this nerve will mostly affect which function at the subtalar joint, and at the ankle joint? C.  Name all the muscles responsible for this action.

8. I.D. Anterior tibial artery. A. Which nerve runs along with in the anterior leg?

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