REGIONAL GROSS ANATOMY - 2007
OBJECTIVES
BACK
The back includes superficial and deep muscles of the back, vertebrae, meningeal layers and spinal cord.
Gross Anatomy: When the study of the back is complete, you should:
- understand the gross, functional and developmental anatomy of the vertebral column
- know how the basic structure of the vertebral column and regional variations of vertebrae help achieve the movements and functions of the vertebral column
- know the major groups of superficial and deep back muscles, innervation and functions
- know the meninges, their arrangement and associated spaces within the vertebral canal.
- know the regional differences in the gross anatomy of the spinal cord
- know the relationship between spinal cord segments and vertebral levels in the newborn and adult
- know the applied anatomy of lumbar puncture
THE UPPER LIMB
The upper limb includes the pectoral girdle, shoulder, arm elbow, forearm, wrist and hand.
Gross Anatomy: When the study of the upper limb is complete, you should:
1. know the gross anatomy of the structures of the upper limb
- understand and appreciate the importance of the normal upper limb in reaching, grasping and manipulative functions involved in daily activities
- know the factors that contribute to mobility and stability of the sternoclavicular, shoulder, elbow, wrist and thumb joints
- know the effects of peripheral nerve lesions on the functioning of the upper limb
- know the usual routes by which blood travels to and from the various parts of the upper limb
- understand the principles of collateral pathways of blood circulation, particularly as exemplified around the scapula and elbow
- identify the locations in the upper limb where nerves and blood vessels are particularly liable to be injured
- know the pulse and pressure points in the upper limb
- know the routes by which infections typically spread in the hand
- know the general pattern of lymphatic drainage of the upper limb
- know the dermatomal pattern of the upper limb and its importance in neurologic examination
- understand the principles underlying displacement and re-alignment of fractures, particularly as they relate to the clavicle, humerus and distal forearm
- know the soft tissue structures (nerves and blood vessels) likely to be injured in bone fractures and the consequences
LOWER LIMB
The Lower Limb includes the gluteal region, hip, thigh, knee, leg, ankle, and foot.
Gross Anatomy: When the study of the lower limb is complete, you should:
1. know the gross anatomy of structures concerned with locomotion and
standing
- understand the integrated functioning of gross anatomical structures during the process of walking
- know the factors that contribute to stability of the lower limb
- know how the gross structure of the foot enables it to serve as a supporting pedestal for weight bearing
- know the effects of peripheral nerve lesions on functioning of the lower limb
- know the usual routes by which blood travels to and from the various parts of the lower limb
- understand the factors that assist in returning blood toward the heart from the lower limb
- understand collateral pathways of blood in the lower limb, particularly in regard to connections between superficial and deep veins
- know the location of palpable pulses in the lower limb
- identify locations in the lower limb where nerves and blood vessels are particularly liable to be injured
- know the areas of the body from which lymph drains to each set of inguinal lymph nodes
- identify features that distinguish a femoral hernia
- know the soft tissue structures (nerves and blood vessels) that are likely to be injured in bone fractures
In many ways the lower limb is similar to the upper limb, however there are important differences. Do not neglect to study the vasculature and ligamentous supports of the foot. Remember, too, that any pathologic lesion (e.g. cancer, abscess) of the abdomino-pelvic viscera or body walls may have a profound effect o the function of the lower limb.
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